approach-dvp-atomic-settlement

> Approach for atomic delivery-versus-payment settlement, applicable to

approach-privacy-standards-survey

> Survey of Ethereum standards enabling privacy-preserving institutional use cases,

approach-private-auth

Private authentication addresses three interconnected challenges:

approach-private-bonds

Private bond trading addresses three interconnected challenges:

approach-private-broadcasting

Broadcasting transactions reveals multiple layers of information:

approach-private-derivatives

The core challenge is balancing three competing requirements:

approach-private-payments

Private payment systems address four interconnected challenges:

approach-private-trade-settlement

Modern institutional trading requires coordinating multiple complex challenges:

approach-white-label-deployment

White-label deployment addresses three interconnected institutional challenges:

Atomic DvP via ERC-7573 (cross-network)

Enable atomic Delivery-versus-Payment (DvP) across two networks using ERC-7573, so that either the asset is delivered and payment is completed, or the asset returns to the seller.

Attestation verifiable on-chain

Enable smart contracts to verify claims about identities, credentials, or off-chain data without exposing unnecessary information. Attestations are issued off-chain and verified on-chain to prove stat...

Aztec Noir Private Contracts

Noir is the DSL developed by Aztec, enable developers to write Ethereum-compatible smart contracts that blend transparent public logic with confidential private computations, using a Rust-like languag...

Aztec Rollup

Aztec is a privacy focused rollup (or zk-zk-rollup) on Ethereum that enables private transactions and programmable privacy. It is a fully programmable network where applications can access both privat...

Chainlink ACE

Modular compliance layer built on the Chainlink Runtime Environment (CRE) to define, execute, and enforce identity- and policy-based controls for digital assets across public and private chains. Core ...

co-SNARKs (Collaborative Proving)

Enable **collaborative zero-knowledge proving** over distributed private inputs.

Commit-and-Prove Fallback

Fallback atomic DvP by both parties posting commitments to shared secret `C=Com(w)`; each leg verified against `C` before settlement.

Compliance Monitoring

Enable institutions to monitor private transactions for regulatory compliance (AML, sanctions, fraud) without exposing transaction details to unauthorized parties. Balance privacy preservation with au...

Cross-Chain Privacy Bridge

Move assets between chains while preserving privacy on the destination by minting shielded notes whose ownership is not linkable to the source-domain depositor.

Crypto-register bridge (eWpG) with EAS mirroring

Operate with a licensed **crypto-register** today while **mirroring key facts** (issuance, transfers, liens) as **on-chain attestations** to anchor integrity and pave automation.

Curvy

Curvy is a smart-contract-/wallet-based privacy layer for ERC-20 transfers (and other tokens) on EVM chains.

EIL (Ethereum Interoperability Layer)

Account-based cross-L2 interoperability where users sign once and execute transactions directly on multiple chains. XLPs (Crosschain Liquidity Providers) supply gas and liquidity via optimistic atomic...

ERC-3643 Tokenized RWAs

Enable compliant tokenization of real-world assets with built-in identity management, transfer restrictions, and regulatory compliance enforced at the smart contract level.

EU Data Protection & Privacy-Enhancing Technologies

The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) establish data protection obligations that apply to crypto entities alongside MiCA requirements. While ...

EY Nightfall

A production-ready Zero-Knowledge rollup for private token transfers with enterprise compliance features. Nightfall v4 implements a ZK rollup that provides immediate finality and supports ERC20, ERC72...

Fireblocks

Fireblocks is a custody and infrastructure platform that provides secure wallet management and transaction workflows for institutions. In addition to custody and settlement rails, Fireblocks supports ...

Flashbots

Flashbots develops **MEV infrastructure** including private mempools, block building, and **SUAVE** (Single Unifying Auction for Value Expression) - a decentralized platform for private intent express...

FOCIL - Fork-Choice Enforced Inclusion Lists

FOCIL (Fork-Choice Enforced Inclusion Lists) is an EIP that enables a committee of 16 validators to force-include transactions in blocks, preventing censorship by sophisticated block builders. FOCIL i...

Hybrid Public-Private Modes

Allow institutions to select **public or private execution mode** on a per-transaction or per-counterparty basis, optimizing for cost, latency, and confidentiality requirements. This enables hybrid wo...

Hybrid TEE + ZK Settlement

Coordinate private cross-chain settlement inside TEEs, with zk-proofs attesting to correct execution — hiding counterparties/amounts but proving atomicity.

ICMA Bond Data Taxonomy (canonical terms/events)

Use **ICMA Bond Data Taxonomy** as the canonical schema for bond terms & lifecycle events to avoid fragmentation and enable clean attestations/proofs.

Jurisdiction: China (CN)

China maintains one of the world's strictest stances on cryptocurrencies, with comprehensive bans on cryptocurrency trading, mining, and payment services since 2021. All cryptocurrency transactions an...

Jurisdiction: DE / eWpG (Electronic Securities Act)

Germany’s **eWpG** lets you issue **electronic securities** (including **crypto-securities**) with legal equivalence to paper certificates, recorded either in a **central electronic register** or a **...

Jurisdiction: EU / MiCA

The EU provides a **single passport** under **MiCA** for **Crypto-Asset Service Provider (CASPs)** and **token issuers** with detailed, prescriptive rules. Stablecoins (**Asset-Referenced Tokens (ARTs...

Jurisdiction: Hong Kong SAR (HK)

Hong Kong operates under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework, maintaining a separate and progressive cryptocurrency regulatory system distinct from mainland China's complete ban. Since 2023, Hong...

Jurisdiction: US / SEC

The SEC is generally **restrictive but evolving**. Crypto assets deemed securities must follow full registration and disclosure rules. Recent clarity has emerged:

Jurisdictional Focus: Banking Secrecy (Operating Constraints)

L1 ZK commitment pool (low volume)

Keep amounts/positions private on **Ethereum L1** via a **shielded pool** (commitments + nullifiers), verifying a proof per transfer; couple cash via ERC-7573.

L2 Privacy Evaluation Framework

Provide institutions with a structured, vendor-neutral framework to compare privacy-preserving L2 solutions across performance, privacy/DA, and security dimensions. Enables apples-to-apples comparison...

Lean Ethereum

A long-range redesign of Ethereum’s consensus layer aiming to enter in action around 2030. Lean consolidates multiple research tracks into a single major fork, reducing hardware requirements, improvin...

Low-cost L2 + Off-chain Encrypted Audit Log

Run on a low-cost L2; put only **commitments/hashes** on-chain; store full facts in an **append-only encrypted log**. Anchor integrity on-chain; provide auditor access via **scoped keys**; DvP via ERC...

Modular Privacy Stack

Define a four-layer privacy architecture where **Data**, **Execution**, **Settlement**, and **Disclosure** are distinct concerns, each addressable by different technologies. This enables institutions ...

MPC Custody and Transaction Control

Provide secure custody and controlled execution of digital asset transactions by distributing key shares across MPC nodes. Eliminates single points of compromise while enabling policy-based transactio...

Open Intent Framework (OIF)

OIF enables cross-chain intent-based settlement where users express desired outcomes and solvers compete to execute them across chains permissionlessly.

Orion Finance

Orion Finance enables **private, onchain portfolio management** by integrating **confidential smart contracts** powered by advanced cryptography (FHEVM).

Paladin

Open-source (Apache-2.0) privacy layer under the [Linux Foundation Decentralized Trust](https://github.com/LFDT-Paladin/paladin). Paladin provides the common wallet/vault functions that are needed to ...

Permissioned Ledger Interoperability

Enable atomic transactions and data exchange across distinct permissioned ledgers, so that institutions can interoperate without exposing all contract state or migrating to a single ledger.

Pre-trade privacy (Shutter/SUAVE/private RFQ)

Prevent **front-running and information leakage** by routing quotes/orders via **encrypted/private submission**; then settle with confidential tokens.

Privacy Pools

Privacy Pools is a smart contract protocol that extends the mixer model by allowing users to prove that their withdrawals come from (or do not come from) deposits belonging to a specific **association...

Private Authentication & Interaction of Client EOAs

Institutions that interact with client EOAs must verify identity and key control while protecting client privacy. The solution enables proving KYC compliance and address ownership without exposing per...

Private Bonds

Institutional bond issuance and trading on public blockchains where volumes, prices, and positions must remain confidential to prevent front-running and strategy exposure. The solution requires confid...

Private Client Authentication for Institutional EOAs

Enable institutions to authenticate client EOAs in a way that satisfies regulatory KYC/AML requirements while preserving privacy. This pattern uses **Merkle tree membership proofs** (e.g., via Semapho...

Private Commodities

Tokenized commodity trading where position sizes, trading strategies, and physical delivery arrangements must remain confidential. Gold is the primary tokenized commodity today, typically using synthe...

Private Corporate Bonds

Corporate debt issuance where companies raising capital need to hide financing activity from competitors, employees, and market observers. Unlike public/government bonds, corporate bond issuance revea...

Private FX

Cross-border foreign exchange settlement on blockchain where trading intent, positions, and execution details must remain confidential. FX is one of the largest financial markets; 99% of stablecoins a...

Private Government Debt

Sovereign and municipal bond tokenization where the debt itself is public record but auction processes, holder positions, and trading activity may require privacy. Government debt differs fundamentall...

Private Intent-Based Vaults

Enable institutional or DeFi actors to **express trading or allocation intents** that are executed by a vault **privately** — hiding strategy parameters, order flow, and risk exposure while keeping de...

Private ISO 20022 Messaging & Settlement

Coordinate **private ERC-20 settlements** between banks using ISO 20022 as the instruction layer.

Private L2s

Use a **privacy-native rollup** (ZK or FHE-based) to execute financial logic with private state, enabling both **confidential value** and **unlinkable identity flows**.

Private Messaging

Encrypted communication channels for financial institutions conducting blockchain transactions. Pre-trade negotiation, deal structuring, and counterparty communication contain sensitive information th...

Private Money Market Funds

Tokenized money market funds providing yield-bearing treasury management for institutions. Unlike stablecoins (which typically don't earn yield), money market funds are productive assets generating re...

Private Oracles

Price feeds and data sources that protect query privacy - hiding which institutions are requesting specific information. Query patterns reveal trading intent, enabling front-running and information ar...

Private Payments

Cross-border and domestic payment transfers where transaction details must remain confidential between parties. Transaction patterns reveal business relationships, purchasing behavior, and financial h...

Private PvP (cash↔cash) Settlement via ERC‑7573

Enable **atomic PvP (cash↔cash)** between two stablecoins while preserving **stakeholder‑only visibility** and providing **verifiable settlement** and **audit trails**—without relying on HTLC timeouts...

Private Read

Blockchain query privacy for institutions interacting with public blockchains. Institutions monitoring addresses, checking balances, or querying transaction history leak competitive intelligence throu...

Private Repo

Tokenized repurchase agreements where counterparties and transaction amounts must remain confidential. Repo is short-term secured lending - conceptually similar to DeFi flash loans, though TradFi has ...

Private RWA Tokenization

Regulated real-world assets (RWAs) are tokenized on-chain to enable permissioned transfers of ownership and co-ownership. The solution requires private pricing and valuation with full history, unlinka...

Private Shared State

Enable **N parties to jointly read and write shared on-chain state**; balances, positions, order books, collateral pools, while keeping each party's individual data private from the others **and** fro...

Private Smart Derivatives (ERC-6123)

Banks need to run ERC-6123 interest-rate swaps on public chains without leaking margin balances, settlement amounts, and trade terms. The solution requires all economic values and trade details to be ...

Private Stablecoin Shielded Payments

Provide **stakeholder‑only** stablecoin transfers on Ethereum (L2/app‑chain acceptable) with **view‑key/proof‑based disclosure** for regulators and auditors, and the ability to compose atomically with...

Private Stablecoins for Institutional Payments

Institutions want to use stablecoins as settlement cash without exposing amounts, counterparties, or workflow metadata to non-participants. The solution requires stakeholder-only visibility with selec...

Private Stocks

Tokenized equity trading where position sizes, trading activity, and ownership stakes must remain confidential. Traditional exchanges face competitive pressure from crypto-native platforms and seek to...

Private Transaction Broadcasting

Hide transaction content from the public mempool to prevent front-running, sandwich attacks, and competitive intelligence extraction. Transactions are submitted through private channels and only becom...

Private Treasuries

Corporate treasury operations on-chain where multi-entity organizations need to manage internal cash flows without revealing financing activity to competitors. Large corporations move billions daily b...

Product Fhenix

Fhenix builds a CoProcessor that brings Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) to EVM chains, enabling developers to compute directly on encrypted data without ever decrypting it. This allows dApps to off...

Railgun

Railgun is a set of smart contracts providing **shielded transfers and private DeFi interactions** on Ethereum and other EVM-compatible chains.

Renegade

Renegade is a decentralized dark pool protocol for trading digital assets.

Selective disclosure (viewing keys + ZK proofs)

Provide **on-demand, scoped visibility** into confidential trades/positions via **threshold-controlled viewing keys** and/or **ZK proofs** answering regulator questions.

Shielded ERC-20 Transfers

Enable **confidential ERC-20 transfers** by shielding balances and transfer metadata, while still allowing regulators/auditors to verify via selective disclosure (view keys, proofs).

Shielded-Pool Atomic Swap (ZK-HTLC)

Enable Delivery-versus-Payment where **both legs settle inside shielded pools**; atomicity is enforced by zk-proofs without public hash linkages.

Shutter

Shutter Network provides **encrypted mempool** infrastructure that prevents MEV extraction and front-running by encrypting transactions until they are included in blocks, using **threshold cryptograph...

Soda Labs

Soda Labs develops **open-source Garbled Circuit-based SMPC (Secure Multiparty Computation)** tools that enable confidential smart contracts and encrypted data processing directly on EVM-compatible ne...

Space and Time

A SQL data oracle which is ZK-verifiable onchain. Space and Time allows smart contracts and API clients to run SQL queries over verifiably correct (attested), onchain events or signed, tamperproof off...

Stateless Plasma Privacy

Use stateless Plasma architecture to enable private token transfers where transaction data remains with users (client-side), only commitments are posted on-chain, and validity is proven via zero-knowl...

Stealth Addresses

Enable unlinkable transfers by deriving a **one-time destination address per transaction** using cryptographic Diffie–Hellman (shared secret) between sender and receiver keys.

TACEO Merces

TACEO Merces is an implementation of **Private Shared State (PSS)** for confidential stablecoin transfers on EVM chains. It combines multi-party computation (MPC) with zero-knowledge proofs (Groth16 v...

TEE key manager

Use an attested trusted execution environment (TEE) as a key manager for institutional Ethereum keys.

TEE-Based Privacy

Use Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) to isolate sensitive computation from the host operating system, hypervisor, and operator. TEEs provide hardware-enforced confidentiality and integrity for co...

Threshold Encrypted Mempool

> **Sub-pattern of [Private Transaction Broadcasting](pattern-private-transaction-broadcasting.md)** — This pattern provides detailed coverage of threshold encryption specifically. See the parent patt...

TX-SHIELD

TX-SHIELD builds modular privacy layers/solutions for institutional finance and AI systems:

Vendor/Pattern: Miden

Polygon Miden is a privacy focused Ethereum rollup (zk-zk-rollup) that prioritizes throughput and privacy over full EVM compatibility. It uses the Miden VM, a STARK-based virtual machine designed for ...

vOPRF Nullifiers

Generate deterministic, scope-bound nullifiers for credential and signal mechanisms using a verifiable OPRF (vOPRF),

Zama

Zama develops **open-source FHE (Fully Homomorphic Encryption)** tools that enable confidential smart contracts and encrypted data processing directly on EVM-compatible networks.

ZK Proof of Private State Transition

Apply **daily margin updates (delta)** for a plain swap **without revealing delta or balances on-chain**.

ZK Shielded Balances for Derivatives

Maintain **confidential balances and daily deltas** inside a shielded pool (commitments + nullifiers). Each day, counterparties jointly produce a ZK proof that:

zk-KYC/ML + ONCHAINID (ERC-734-735)

Allows onboarding identities such as ERC-734/735 in a public verfiable manner for instant onchain settlement

zk-SPV (Succinct Cross-Chain Verification)

Restore **true atomicity across chains** by proving on Chain A that a transaction finalized on Chain B.

zk-TLS

Enable **data/identity export** from a website.

ZKsync Prividium

An Ethereum-secured blockchain platform purpose-built for institutions that demand privacy, compliance, and full control of their data. Prividium is part of ZKsync's suite of enterprise solutions, des...